NASA study reveals why the moon look so different on each side

The moon, Earth’s only natural satellite, has been a source of fascination for centuries, not just for its mesmerizing phases but also for the stark differences between its two sides. While the side that faces Earth, known as the nearside, is characterized by vast, dark plains called "mare," the far side is marked by rugged, heavily cratered terrain.This striking asymmetry has puzzled scientists for decades. Now, an in-depth study using data from NASA's

Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory

(GRAIL) mission is providing new clues about why the moon’s two hemispheres look so different. The findings, published in the journal Nature, shed light on the moon's internal structure, revealing significant differences between its nearside and farside that are deeply linked to its volcanic past and gravitational interactions with Earth.

Understanding the GRAIL mission and its significance

NASA’s GRAIL mission, launched in 2011, consisted of two robotic spacecraft, Ebb and Flow, which orbited the moon to create the most detailed gravitational map of the lunar surface to date. The mission's primary goal was to measure variations in the moon’s gravitational field, providing critical insights into its internal structure and geological history.

The

GRAIL mission

achieved this by precisely measuring the distance between the two spacecraft as they orbited the moon. Even tiny changes in this distance, caused by variations in the moon’s gravitational pull, provided data about the moon’s interior composition, crust thickness, and subsurface anomalies. This approach has proven crucial for understanding the forces that shaped the moon’s contrasting hemispheres.

Why the two sides of the moon are so different

1. Tidal deformation and gravitational asymmetryOne of the key findings from the GRAIL mission is that the moon's interior is not uniform. Researchers discovered that the lunar nearside flexes slightly more than the farside during its elliptical orbit around Earth, a phenomenon known as tidal deformation. This difference in flexibility is primarily driven by Earth’s gravitational pull, which exerts a greater influence on the side facing our planet.Ryan Park, the study’s lead author and supervisor of the Solar System Dynamics Group at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, explained, “Our study shows that the moon's interior is not uniform: the side facing Earth - the nearside - is warmer and more geologically active deep down than the farside.”This increased flexibility suggests that the lunar nearside has a significantly different internal structure, which likely played a role in its distinct surface features.2. Volcanic activity and heat distributionThe study also confirmed a long-standing theory that the moon’s nearside was once more volcanically active than the farside. Billions of years ago, intense volcanic activity on the nearside led to the formation of vast plains of basaltic rock, which are still visible today as the dark regions known as "mare." In contrast, the farside is covered with lighter, older crust that has remained largely untouched by large-scale volcanic processes.According to the research, this volcanic activity concentrated heat-producing, radioactive elements like thorium and titanium in the nearside mantle, resulting in a significant temperature difference between the two hemispheres. The nearside mantle is estimated to be about 180-360 degrees Fahrenheit (100-200 degrees Celsius) hotter than the farside mantle, creating a long-term thermal imbalance that has shaped the moon’s geology over billions of years.3. Crustal thickness and surface compositionAnother major factor contributing to the moon’s asymmetry is the difference in crustal thickness between the two sides. The GRAIL data revealed that the nearside crust is significantly thinner than the farside crust, allowing magma from the moon’s interior to more easily reach the surface in the past, leading to extensive lava flows.This difference in crustal thickness likely explains why the nearside has large, flat plains while the farside remains rugged and heavily cratered. The thinner nearside crust also contributed to the accumulation of radioactive, heat-producing elements, further enhancing the thermal imbalance between the two hemispheres.

Implications for lunar exploration and future missions

The findings from the GRAIL mission have far-reaching implications for future lunar exploration. Understanding the moon’s internal structure is critical for developing accurate lunar positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) systems, which will be essential for the success of future crewed missions to the moon and beyond.Additionally, the methods used in this study to map the moon’s gravitational field could be applied to other celestial bodies, such as Saturn’s moon Enceladus and Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, both of which are considered potential candidates in the search for extraterrestrial life.

Connecting lunar findings to Earth’s stability

Beyond its scientific interest, the moon plays a vital role in stabilizing Earth’s rotation and generating ocean tides, which have shaped the evolution of life on our planet. Understanding the moon’s internal dynamics and geological history not only deepens our knowledge of our closest neighbor but also provides insights into the early solar system and the forces that shaped it.As Park noted, “Our knowledge of the moon has expanded through human and robotic missions that have revealed details about its surface and interior, yet many questions about its deep structure and history remain.” This continued exploration promises to uncover more secrets about the moon’s complex geological past and its ongoing influence on Earth.